Microorganisms
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Health Effects*
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* Healthy individuals may have mild or no symptoms from these infections. They will usually recover without long-term health problems. However, persons with weakened immune systems may have more severe or life-threatening illnesses.
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Bacteria
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Campylobacter
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· Diarrhea (sometimes bloody), cramping, abdominal pain, and fever
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Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7
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· Bloody or non-bloody diarrhea, stomach cramps; little or no fever
· Can cause hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and kidney failure in young children or the elderly
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Salmonella
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· Diarrhea, typhoid fever, stomach cramps
· Infection can spread from intestines to blood and other body sites, causing serious illness
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Shigella
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· Watery or bloody diarrhea, fever, upset stomach
· Vomiting and stomach cramping may also occur
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Viruses
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Enterovirus
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· Usually causes mild upper respiratory, “flu-like” symptoms with fever and muscle pains, or a rash
· Meningitis is less common, and illnesses that affect the heart and brain may occur, but are very rare
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Hepatitis A
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· Jaundice (yellowing of eyes and skin), dark urine, tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fever, stomach ache
· Most infected adults will show symptoms while children often do not have symptoms (but could still pass the virus to others)
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Norovirus (Norwalk)
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· Upset stomach, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea
· Headache and low-grade fever may also occur
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Rotavirus
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· Vomiting, watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, fever
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Protozoa
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Cryptosporidium
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· Diarrhea, loose or watery stool, stomach cramps, upset stomach, and fever
· Usually causes mild illness, but can be serious or fatal for people with weakened immune systems
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Giardia
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· Diarrhea, loose or watery stool, stomach cramps
· Usually causes mild illness, but can be serious or fatal for people with weakened immune systems
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Chemicals
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Health Effects**
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** These health effects are caused by consuming large doses of chemicals.
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Atrazine
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· Short-term: congestion of heart, lungs, and kidneys; low blood pressure; muscle spasms; weight loss; damage to adrenal glands
· Long-term: weight loss, cardiovascular damage, eye and muscle degeneration; cancer
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Arsenic
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· Stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, numbness in hands and feet, partial paralysis, and blindness
· Can also cause skin damage, circulatory system problems, and increased risk of cancer
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Copper
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· An essential nutrient at very low levels
· High level exposure causes upset stomach, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach cramps
· Long-term exposure at high levels can also cause liver and kidney problems
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Lead
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· Delayed physical and mental development in babies
· Shortened attention span, hearing, and learning abilities of children
· Slightly increased blood pressures in adults
· Long-term exposure at high levels can include stroke, kidney disease, and cancer
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Mercury
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· Kidney damage
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Nitrate
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· Methemoglobinemia – a blood disorder that causes shortness of breath and blueness of skin, and can lead to serious illness or death
· Methmoglobinemia mainly affects infants and pregnant women
· Long-term effects include increased urination and bleeding of the spleen
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Radium
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· Increases risk of cancer
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
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· Drowsiness and decreased responsiveness
· Skin irritation
· Some cause cancer after long-term exposure
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Revised Summer 2003
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