| GLOSSARY OF INFECTIONS CAUSED BY BACTERIA, VIRUSES, HELMINTHS, PROTOZOA, FUNGUS In Sludge biosolids and Reclaimed sewage effluent water A-D E-I J -O P-Z pancreatic diseases -- The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces juices that help break down food and hormones that help control blood sugar levels. Problems with the pancreas can lead to many health problems. These include
pandemic -- is an epidemic of an infectious disease that spreads across a large region, continent), or worldwide
pathogen -- agent of disease in human disease: Infectious, etioloigc agents pathogenic -- Capable of causing disease. peptic ulcers -- is a sore on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, which is the beginning of the small intestine. Peptic ulcers are common: One in 10 Americans develops an ulcer at some time in his or her life. One cause of peptic ulcer is bacterial infection, but some ulcers are caused by long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), like aspirin and ibuprofen. In a few cases, cancerous tumors in the stomach or pancreas can cause ulcers. Peptic ulcers are not caused by stress or eating spicy food, but these can make ulcers worse. pericarditis-- is a disorder caused by inflammation of the pericardium, which is the sac-like covering around the heart. Pericarditis is usually a complication of viral infections, most commonly echovirus or coxsackie virus. Less frequently, it is caused by influenza or HIV infection. Infections with bacteria can lead to bacterial pericarditis (also called purulent pericarditis). Some fungal infections can also produce pericarditis. peritonitis -- Peritonitis is an inflammation (irritation) of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs. pharyngitis -- Most cases are caused by a virus, including the the common cold virus, flu (influenza) virus, adenovirus, mononucleosis, HIV, and various others. Bacterial causes of pharyngitis include Group A streptococcus, which causes " strep throat" in about 15% of cases. In addition, other but less common bacteria found in sore throats include Corynebacterium, Arcanobacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and others. In up to 30% of cases, no organism is identified. plague -- Plague is a life-threatening infection caused by the organism Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that caused the 14th-century Black Death plague pandemic. Plague-causing bacteria still exist in the environment today, although their effect has abated dramatically. The major threat of plague these days comes not through natural transmission, but through intentional transmission, perhaps by terrorists as an agent of biological warfare. Yersinia has been found in composted sewage sludge/biosolids pneumonia -- is an inflammation of the lung, usually caused by an infection. Three common causes are bacteria, viruses and fungi. You can also get pneumonia by accidentally inhaling a liquid or chemical. People most at risk are older than 65 or younger than 2 years of age, or already have health problems. pneumonitis -- Pneumonitis is a general term that refers to inflammation of lung tissue. Pneumonia is one type of pneumonitis caused by an infection. Many other factors can cause pneumonitis, including breathing in animal dander, inhaling small food particles "down the wrong pipe" and receiving radiation therapy to your chest. proctitis -- Proctitis is an inflammation of the lining of the rectum (rectal mucosa). causes include inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ulcerative colitis, and sexual/non-sexually transmitted infections. prosthetic endocarditis -- natural heart valves are replaced as a result of acquired infectious endocarditis. Bacteria (e.g. staphylococci or streptococci) find their way into the body, e.g. following removal of dental plaque or through abscesses or injury, they attach themselves to the delicate heart valves. The heart valves (aortic, mitral, tricuspid or pulmonal valves) do not have blood vessels of their own, so that the body’s policing system, the white blood cells, cannot effectively deal with the bacteria. The accumulations of bacteria which eventually form on and around the heart valve increasingly prevent it from opening and closing properly. The valve ultimately ceases to function. pseudotuberculosis -- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is the least common of the 3 main Yersinia species to cause infections in humans. It is primarily a zoonotic infection with variable hosts. The condition has been associated with food-borne infection, including a few outbreaks. The organism primarily leads to a gastroenteritis (diarrheal component uncharacteristic) characterized by a self-limited mesenteric lymphadenitis that mimics appendicitis. The organism invades mammalian cells and survives intracellularly; the primary virulence factor is a plasmid-encoded protein that causes increased invasiveness. Postinfectious complications include erythema nodosum and reactive arthritis. Thus, a major triad for infection with this organism includes fever, abdominal pain, and rash. psoas abscess -- Suppurative psoas abscess is an unusual lesion that is unfamiliar to many orthopaedic specialists, which can make an accurate and timely diagnosis problematic. The symptoms associated with this disorder often involve hip pain instead of abdominal or back pain. pulmonary failure -- increased pressure in the blood vessels in your lungs forces fluid into the air sacs, filling them with fluid and preventing them from absorbing oxygen — a condition called pulmonary edema -- fluid can accumulate in your lungs for other reasons, including lung problems such as pneumonia, exposure to certain toxins and medications, and exercising or living at high elevations. pyelonephritis -- Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection, usually from bacteria that have spread from the bladder. Escherichia coli, causes about 90% of cases of pyelonephritis among people who live in the community pyomyositis, -- Pyomyositis is a potentially life-threatening condition that is characterized by bacterial infection of skeletal muscle. Reiter's syndrome -- Reactive arthritis refers to acute nonpurulent arthritis complicating an infection elsewhere in the body. Bacteria associated with reactive arthritis are generally enteric or venereal and include the following: Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Streptococcus viridans, Mycoplasma pneumonia, Cyclospora, Chlamydia trachomatis, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. renal focus -- (1953) The lesion principally responsible for chronic, or recurrent, urinary tract infection is a focus in the interstitial tissue of the kidney. Most cursory antimicrobial therapy suppresses the manifestations of lower urinary tract involvement but does not eradicate the renal focus. In order to cure rather than merely suppress the infection, it is imperative that, as early as possible, steps be taken to isolate and identify the etiologic microorganism and to determine its sensitivity to antimicrobial agents. respiratory tract -- In humans and other mammals, the respiratory system consists of the airways, the lungs, and the respiratory muscles that mediate the movement of air into and out of the body. retinitis -- Retinitis pigmentosa is an eye disease in which there is damage to the retina. The damage gets worse (progresses) over time. People with this condition have problems with night vision and peripheral vision. rheumatic fever -- is an inflammatory disease . Rheumatic fever commonly damages the heart valves (rheumatic carditis) and can interfere with normal blood flow through the heart. roseola infantum -- Roseola (also known as sixth disease, sudden rash, is a viral illness in young children, most commonly affecting those between the ages of 6 months and 2 years. scalded skin syndrome -- is a disease, caused by a type of bacteria, in which large sheets of skin may peel away. scarlet fever -- is an exotoxin-mediated disease that occurs most often in association with a sore throat. sepsis -- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) -- Your body's response to a bacterial infection kicks your immune system into overdrive, overwhelming normal processes in your blood and small blood clots form, blocking blood flow to vital organ, which can lead to organ failure. Babies, old people and those with weakened immune systems are most likely to get sepsis. Septic shock (associated with infections) -- Septic shock is a serious condition that occurs when an overwhelming infection leads to low blood pressure and low blood flow. The brain, heart, kidneys, and liver may not work properly or may fail. septicemia -- is the presence of bacteria in the blood (bacteremia) and is often associated with severe disease. Septicemia is a serious, life-threatening infection that gets worse very quickly. It can arise from infections throughout the body, including infections in the lungs, abdomen, and urinary tract. It may come before or at the same time as infections of the bone (osteomyelitis ), central nervous system (meningitis ), or other tissues. seizures -- can have many causes, including medicines, high fevers, head injuries and certain diseases. (July 2007) Influenza (flu virus) is the most commonly identified viral infection in children with fever-induced seizures. Other common respiratory viruses linked to "febrile seizures" include adenovirus, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rotavirus, a study shows. shingles -- is a disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus - the same virus that causes chickenpox -- the virus stays in your body without causing problems for many years, only to reappear when you older as shingles. shock -- is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow. This can damage multiple organs. Shock requires IMMEDIATE medical treatment and can get worse very rapidly. Small pox -- is a disease caused by the Variola major virus. Smallpox is a serious, even deadly, disease. CDC calls it a “Category A” agent. Category A agents are believed to present the greatest potential threat for harming public health. splenic disease -- Certain diseases might cause your spleen to swell. The spleen is part of your lymphatic system, which fights infection and keeps your body fluids in balance. It contains white blood cells that fight germs. Your spleen also helps control the amount of blood in your body, and destroys old and damaged cells. soft tissue -- connect, support or surround other tissues.such as muscles, tendons, fat and blood vessels. Soft tissue sarcoma is a cancer of these soft tissues. Infection develops when bacteria enter the body, usually through a minor skin injury or abrasion and begin to grow and release toxins that:
spontaneous abortion -- is an abortion in which all of the fetal and placental material has been expelled from the uterus before 20 weeks' gestation. stillbirth -- is the loss of pregnancy due to natural causes after the 20th week of pregnancy. It can occur before delivery or during delivery. stomatitis -- Herpetic stomatitis is a viral infection of the mouth characterized by ulcers and inflammation. These mouth ulcers are not the same as canker sores, which are caused by a different virus. strep throat --is a contagious disease caused by infection with group A streptococci bacteria, suppurative -- relating to, or characterized by suppuration <suppurative arthritis> <suppurative lesions> the formation of, conversion into, or process of discharging pus <an abscess is a localized area of suppuration> <suppuration in a wound> toxic shock syndrome -- is a severe disease that involves fever, shock, and problems with the function of several body organs. Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is caused by a toxin produced by certain types of bacteria. The earliest described cases of TSS involved women who were using tampons -- only 55% of current cases are associated with menstruation. Toxic shock syndrome can also occur in children, postmenopausal women, and men. Typhoid -- Persons with typhoid fever carry the bacteria in their bloodstream and intestinal tract. In addition, a small number of persons, called carriers , recover from typhoid fever but continue to carry the bacteria. CDC claims Salmonella Typhi lives only in humans. transient aplastic-- Many types of viral infections can suppress bone marrow activity. The most important etiologic agent in transient aplastic crisis is parvovirus B19 tuberculosis -- commonly attacks the lungs (as pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, bones, joints and even the skin. upper respiratory -- tract infection (URI) represents the most common acute illness evaluated in the outpatient setting. URIs range from the common cold, typically a mild, self- limited, catarrhal syndrome of the nasopharynx, to life-threatening illnesses such as epiglottitis -- inflammation of the epiglottis - the cartilage that covers the trachea (windpipe). Due to its place in the airway, swelling of this structure can interfere with breathing and constitutes a medical emergency. urinary tract -- Infections of the urinary tract (UTI) are the second most common type of infection in the body. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra urogenital infections -- Urogenital infections not caused by sexual transmission, namely yeast vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and urinary tract infection remain a major medical problem in terms of the number of women afflicted each year vaginitis -- is swelling, itching, burning or infection in the vagina that can be caused my several different disease organisms. The most common kinds of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis (BV) and yeast, a fungus. Sometimes trichomoniasis (trich, pronounced "trick") is called vaginitis too. Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasitic protozoa called Trichomonas vaginalis vesicular stomatitis -- Foot and Mouth disease - Human infection with vesicular stomatitis viruses is common throughout the tropical Americas. Waterhouse-Friderichsen -- is massive, usually bilateral, hemorrhage into the adrenal glands caused by fulminant meningococcemia.[1] WFS is characterised by overwhelming bacterial infection, rapidly progressive hypotension leading to shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with widespread purpura, particularly of the skin, and rapidly developing adrenocortical insufficiency associated with massive bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. whooping cough -- Whooping cough is an infectious bacterial disease that causes uncontrollable coughing. The name comes from the noise you make when you take a breath after you cough. You may have choking spells or may cough so hard that you vomit. A-D E-I J -O P-Z |